Avian influenza (bird flu) refers to a group of influenza viruses that primarily affect birds. One strain, H5N1, has caused outbreaks in poultry populations throughout Indonesia and other parts of the world. While avian influenza remains present in bird populations, human infections are rare and usually occur following close contact with infected poultry.
Indonesia has reported more human cases of H5N1 avian influenza than any other country. Human infections remain uncommon and are typically associated with direct exposure to infected birds or contaminated environments.
The droppings, secretions, blood, and organs of infected birds may contain the virus. People who have close contact with sick birds are at the highest risk of infection, as they may inhale virus particles or transfer them to their mouth, nose, or eyes. Human cases most commonly occur among poultry farmers, bird handlers, and individuals who visit live bird markets without appropriate precautions.
For most expatriates, tourists, and business travelers, the risk of contracting avian influenza remains very low.
H5N1 does not currently spread easily from person to person. Human infections generally occur as isolated cases. While rare instances of limited human-to-human transmission have been reported, sustained community transmission has not occurred.
Public health authorities continue to monitor avian influenza viruses closely because influenza viruses can evolve over time. International surveillance programs are designed to identify changes that could increase the risk of human transmission.
H5N1 can be eliminated from skin by washing with ordinary soap and water. The virus can also be removed from surfaces using standard household detergents and disinfectants. Thorough cooking destroys the virus in poultry, eggs, and other food products.
To reduce the chance of infection when traveling or living in affected countries:
- Avoid live bird markets and poultry farms.
- Do not handle sick or dead birds or other animals.
- Avoid touching surfaces contaminated by bird droppings.
- Do not swim in bodies of water heavily frequented by birds.
- Practice good personal hygiene and wash your hands frequently.
- Wash hands before and after food preparation.
- Thoroughly cook poultry, eggs, and pork products before consumption.
- Avoid raw or undercooked poultry products, including dishes containing raw duck blood.
While H5N1 remains the most widely known avian influenza strain in Indonesia, health authorities monitor several avian influenza viruses globally. Regardless of the strain involved, the best prevention measures remain avoiding contact with sick birds, maintaining good hygiene, and following local public health guidance.
For current information, consult the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), or your national health authority before travel.
We trust this information will assist you in making informed decisions regarding your health and welfare. However, it is not intended to be a substitute for personalized advice from your medical adviser.
Our appreciation to International SOS, an AEA Company, whose coordinating doctors contributed the original version of this article in response to health concerns faced by expatriates living in Indonesia.
